While numerous household devices have been in existence for centuries, the invention of self-contained electric or gas powered appliances is a distinctively American achievement that emerged in the early 1900s. The development of these appliances can be attributed to the decline of full-time domestic servants and the desire to minimize time-consuming tasks in order to have more leisure time. At the beginning of the 20th century, electric and gas appliances included washing machines, water heaters, refrigerators, kettles, and sewing machines.
The introduction of Earl Richardson’s compact electric clothes iron in 1903 provided an initial boost to the home appliance industry. Following the economic expansion after World War II, the use of dishwashers and clothes dryers in households became more common as people sought convenience. The rise in disposable income also led to an increase in various other home appliances.
During the 1980s, the American appliance industry experienced significant growth, with annual shipments amounting to $1.5 billion and employing over 14,000 workers. Revenues doubled between 1982 and 1990, reaching $3.3 billion. Throughout this period, companies engaged in mergers and acquisitions to reduce research and production costs while eliminating competitors, which eventually prompted the implementation of antitrust legislation.
The United States Department of Energy oversees compliance with the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987, which mandated manufacturers to reduce appliance energy consumption by 25% every five years. By the 1990s, the appliance industry had become highly concentrated, with just five companies accounting for over 90% of product sales. For instance, in 1991, General Electric held a 40% market share in dishwasher manufacturing, followed by Whirlpool with 31%, Electrolux with 20%, Maytag with 7%, and Thermador with a mere 2%.
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